Bradford Hill

A set of viewpoints (temporality, dose-response, consistency…) for weighing cause and effect in observational data.

Source: The Environment and Disease: Association or Causation?
Hill AB. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 1965;58(5):295-300
Where, in the source: p. 299 — the close of the nine viewpoints, just before “Tests of Significance”
Checked at the source on: 2026-08-10
Verbatim: The official passage from this source is transcribed and checked in our own method document, with the date of verification.
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